Locke ve Hume'da bi̇lgi̇ni̇n kaynağı problemi

Abstract

The philosophers John Locke and David Hume who lived in 18th century, investigated the structure of knowledge by focusing on human understanding, instead of the problem concerning the source of knowledge which had been inquired by the philosophers of 18th century. The main problem for those philosophers, i.e. , J.Locke and D. Hume, was "ide"; what is "ide", what are the structure and source of "ide". They inquired into this problem by taking into account the limits of human mind. According to John Locke, "ideas" which make up human reason are not innate. Human reason acquires "ideas" by sens and reflection. "ldeas" have two bases with regard to their sources. According to Hume, all reasoning concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. But, knowledge of this relation arises entirely from experience, when we find, that any particular objects are constantly conjoined with each other. Causes and Effects are discoverable, not by reason. but by experience. To recapitulate the reasoning: Every idea is copied from same preceding impression or sentiment; and where we cannot find any impression, we may be certain that there is no idea.

Ortaçağın bütünlüğünü sağlayan temel düşüncelerin iyiden iyiye çözülmeye başlandığının görüldüğü 18. yüzyılda düşünme, varlık ekseninden çıkarak insan eksenine girmiştir. Felsefe tarihinde insanın doğrudan doğruya problem edinilmesi Ortaçağdan sonra Rönesansı da içine alan ve 18. yüzyıla kadar süren bir dönemde başat bir etkinlik olarak görülür. Ancak, insana ilişkin Aydınlanma talebinin en yoğun olarak yaşandığı 18. yüzyıl, insanın hazır şemalara göre değil, akılla aydınlatılma çabasının sürdürüldüğü bir dönem olarak görülmüştür.